The Igbo people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa, primarily residing in southeastern Nigeria. With a rich cultural heritage, a history of remarkable trade and governance, and a strong sense of identity, the Igbo have played a significant role in shaping Nigerian history. Their origins, pre- colonial societies, interactions with Europeans, colonial experiences, and role in Nigeria' s independence and civil war all contribute to their fascinating history.

The origins of the Igbo people remain a subject of debate among historians. Some theories suggest that the Igbo have lived in their current location for thousands of years, while others propose migration theories linking them to ancient Nile Valley civilizations or neighboring regions. Archaeological evidence, including artifacts from the Nsukka and Igbo- Ukwu sites, indicates that the Igbo engaged in complex societies and metalwork as early as 9th century AD.

Before European contact, the Igbo lived in decentralized communities, with no central king or ruler. Instead, they practiced a system of governance based on village democracy, where elders, titled men, and age grades played significant roles in decision- making. This system ensured fairness and accountability, as power was not concentrated in the hands of one individual. The Igbo also had strong trade networks, both internally and with neighboring ethnic groups, dealing in goods such as palm oil, yam, and cloth.